| Economics | Socium | Environment |
|---|---|---|
Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, 2020, 8 (27): 56-63
DOI: 10.37100/2616-7689/2020/8(27)/8
UDC 330.341.4 : 502.11
JEL CLASSIFICATION: Q5, Q57, Q58, R1, R58
Hasrat Arjjumend
Senior Legal Fellow, CISDL,
McGill University (Montréal, Canada ) & Founder President, The Grassroots Institute
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-2791
ENDANGERED NOMADIC PASTORALISM: A NEED FOR RESTRUCTURING THE POLICY PARADIGM OF RANGELAND COMMONS
Abstract: Fading fast all over the world, nomadic people have faced biases concerning their lifestyles and their symbiosis with rangelands. The nomadic grazing, which is helpful to biodiversity, not detrimental, in rangeland commons is perceived and advocated by deep ecologists, conservation administrators and policy makers as a threat to conservation of ecosystems. Consequently, both nomadic pastoralists and rangeland ecosystems have suffered a grim fate. On the contrary, the subsistence pastoralism is an established sustainable strategy of livelihood and ecosystem conservation in the rangelands. Unfortunately, some of the most nutritive foods and other sustainable products of nomadic pastoralists have not desirably been priced in modern markets. With the demonstrated cases exhibiting the nomadic pastoralists, such as Hutsul shepherd communities of Ukraine, as most sustainable societies on planet Earth, there is urgent need for restructuring the popular paradigm and State policies on rangeland commons. In isolation of nomadic people, the rangelands cannot truly be conserved or protected. To begin with, the resilience of nomadic pastoralists to the changing environments and their (unique) rangeland management can first be pondered. Accordingly, the policy and legal frameworks of States need to be reoriented and revised.
Key words: pastoralists, rangelands, enclosure, Hutsul, grasslands, mobility, fragmentation.
Language version: English
References
1. Reid, R.S., Galvin, K.A. & Kruska, R.S. (2008). Global Significance of Extensive Grazing Lands and Pastoral Societies: An Introduction. In K.A. Galvin, R.S. Reid, J.R.H. Behnke & N.T. Hobbs (eds.), Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes: consequences for human and natural systems, Dordrecht: Springer, 1-24.
2. Neely, C., Bunning, S. & Wilkes, A. (2009). Review of evidence on drylands pastoral systems and climate change – Implications and opportunities for mitigation and adaptation. Land and Water Discussion Paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.
3. Næss, M.W. (2013). Climate Change, Risk Management and the End of Nomadic Pastoralism. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 20(2):123-133. Also available on Blog: Pastoralism, Climate Change and Policy. Accessed online on 17 March 2017, URL: https://pastoralism-climate-change-policy.com/2013/04/03/climate-change-risk-management-and-the-end-of-nomadic-pastoralism/
4. Moore, R.M. (1970). Australian grasslands. Melbourne: Alexander Bros.
5. Groombridge, B. (ed.) (1992). Global biodiversity: Status of the earth’s living resources. London: Chapman & Hall.
6. Solbrig, O. (1996). The diversity of the savanna ecosystems. In Solbrig, O.T., Medina, E. & Silva, J.F. (eds.), Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes, pp.1–30. Berlin: Springer.
7. Blench, R. & Sommer, F. (1999). Understanding Rangeland Biodiversity. London: ODI.
8. Simel, J.O. (2009). Pastoralism and challenges of climate change. Indigenous Affairs, 3-4/09: 30-37.
9. Hesse, C. (2009). Generating Wealth from Environmental Variability: The economics of pastoralism in East Africa’s drylands. Indigenous Affairs, 3-4/09: 14-21.
10. Nori, M., Taylor, M. & Sensi, A. (2008). Browsing on fences: Pastoral land rights, livelihoods and adaptation to climate change. Issue paper, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK, p. 29.
11. Dyson-Hudson, R. & Dyson-Hudson, N. (1980). Nomadic Pastoralism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 9: 15-61.
12. Chatty, D. & Sternberg, T. (2015). Climate effects on nomadic pastoralist societies. Forced Migration, May 2015. Accessed online on 17 March 2017, URL: http://www.fmreview.org/climatechange-disasters/chatty-sternberg.html.
13. Spooner, B. (1973). The cultural ecology of pastoral nomads: An Addison-Wesley module in anthropology, no. 45. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
14. Farming Matters (2016). Listening to Pastoralists. Farming Matters, December 2016: 7.
15. McCabe, J.T. (1997). Risk and Uncertainty Among the Maasai of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania: A Case Study in Economic Change. Nomadic Peoples, 1(1): 54-65.
16. Galaty, J. & Johnson, D. (1990). The World of Pastoralism: Herding Systems in Comparative Perspective. New York: Guildford Press.
17. Næss, M.W. (2004). Living With Risk and Uncertainty: The Case of the Nomadic Pastoralists in the Aru Basin, Tibet. Cand. Polit. thesis, Department of Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Tromsø.
18. Roe, E., Huntsinger, L. & Labnow, K. (1998). High reliability pastoralism. Journal of Arid Environments, 39(1): 39-55.
19. UNOCHA (2007). The Future of Pastoralism in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: UN OCHA Pastoralist Communication Initiative.
20. Homewood, K. (2009). Disequilibrium dynamics: Transhumance. In Geist, H. (ed.), The Earth’s Changing Land: An Encyclopaedia of land use and land cover change (two volumes). Greenwood, Heinemann: Westport.
21. Reid, R.S., Thornton, P.K. & Kruska, R.L. (2003). Loss and Fragmentation of Habitat for Pastoral people and Wildlife in east Africa: Concepts and issues. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya.
22. Mhangara, P. & Kakembo, V. (2012). An Object-Based Classification and Fragmentation Analysis of Land Use and Cover Change in the Keiskamma Catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(7): 1018-1029.
23. FAO (2007). Manual on deforestation, degradation and fragmentation using remote sensing and GIS. Rome: FAO.
24. Herold, M., Liu, X. & Clarke, K.C. (2003). Spatial Metrics and Image Texture for Mapping Urban Land Use. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(9): 991-1001.
25. Turan, S.Ö., Kadogullar, A. & Günlü, A. (2010). Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern response to urbanization in Kastamonu. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(5): 640-647.
26. Barnes, R.F.W., Barnes, K.L., Alers, M.P.T. & Blom, A. (1991). Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 29: 54-63.
27. Blench, R.M. (1999). Hunter-gatherers, conservation and development: from prejudice to policy reform. Natural Resource Briefing Paper 43, London: Overseas Development Institute.
28. Isaeva, A. & Shigaeva, J. (2017). Soviet Legacy in the Operation of Pasture Governance Institutions in Present-Day Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Alpine Research, 105-1. http://journals.openedition.org/rga/3555.
29. Crewett, W. (2015). Introducing decentralized pasture governance in Kyrgyzstan: Designing implementation rules. Environmental Science & Policy, 53: 215-224. Doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.009.
30. Dorre, A. (2015). Promises and realities of community-based pasture management approaches: Observations from Kyrgyzstan. Pastoralism, 5(15): 23-24. Doi: 10.1186/s13570-015-0035-8.
31. Shigaeva, J., Hagerman, S., Zerriffi, H., Hergarten, C., Isaeva, A., Mamadalieva, Z. & Foggin, M. (2016). Decentralizing governance of agropastoral systems in Kyrgyzstan: an assessment of recent pasture reforms. Mountain Research and Development, 36(1): 91-101. Doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00023.1
Article publication date: 2020
Date of online version: 2020
DOI: 10.37100/2616-7689/2020/8(27)/8
UDC 330.341.4 : 502.11
JEL CLASSIFICATION: Q5, Q57, Q58, R1, R58
Hasrat Arjjumend
Senior Legal Fellow, CISDL,
McGill University (Montréal, Canada ) & Founder President, The Grassroots Institute
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-2791
ENDANGERED NOMADIC PASTORALISM: A NEED FOR RESTRUCTURING THE POLICY PARADIGM OF RANGELAND COMMONS
Abstract: Fading fast all over the world, nomadic people have faced biases concerning their lifestyles and their symbiosis with rangelands. The nomadic grazing, which is helpful to biodiversity, not detrimental, in rangeland commons is perceived and advocated by deep ecologists, conservation administrators and policy makers as a threat to conservation of ecosystems. Consequently, both nomadic pastoralists and rangeland ecosystems have suffered a grim fate. On the contrary, the subsistence pastoralism is an established sustainable strategy of livelihood and ecosystem conservation in the rangelands. Unfortunately, some of the most nutritive foods and other sustainable products of nomadic pastoralists have not desirably been priced in modern markets. With the demonstrated cases exhibiting the nomadic pastoralists, such as Hutsul shepherd communities of Ukraine, as most sustainable societies on planet Earth, there is urgent need for restructuring the popular paradigm and State policies on rangeland commons. In isolation of nomadic people, the rangelands cannot truly be conserved or protected. To begin with, the resilience of nomadic pastoralists to the changing environments and their (unique) rangeland management can first be pondered. Accordingly, the policy and legal frameworks of States need to be reoriented and revised.
Key words: pastoralists, rangelands, enclosure, Hutsul, grasslands, mobility, fragmentation.
Language version: English
References
1. Reid, R.S., Galvin, K.A. & Kruska, R.S. (2008). Global Significance of Extensive Grazing Lands and Pastoral Societies: An Introduction. In K.A. Galvin, R.S. Reid, J.R.H. Behnke & N.T. Hobbs (eds.), Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes: consequences for human and natural systems, Dordrecht: Springer, 1-24.
2. Neely, C., Bunning, S. & Wilkes, A. (2009). Review of evidence on drylands pastoral systems and climate change – Implications and opportunities for mitigation and adaptation. Land and Water Discussion Paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.
3. Næss, M.W. (2013). Climate Change, Risk Management and the End of Nomadic Pastoralism. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 20(2):123-133. Also available on Blog: Pastoralism, Climate Change and Policy. Accessed online on 17 March 2017, URL: https://pastoralism-climate-change-policy.com/2013/04/03/climate-change-risk-management-and-the-end-of-nomadic-pastoralism/
4. Moore, R.M. (1970). Australian grasslands. Melbourne: Alexander Bros.
5. Groombridge, B. (ed.) (1992). Global biodiversity: Status of the earth’s living resources. London: Chapman & Hall.
6. Solbrig, O. (1996). The diversity of the savanna ecosystems. In Solbrig, O.T., Medina, E. & Silva, J.F. (eds.), Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes, pp.1–30. Berlin: Springer.
7. Blench, R. & Sommer, F. (1999). Understanding Rangeland Biodiversity. London: ODI.
8. Simel, J.O. (2009). Pastoralism and challenges of climate change. Indigenous Affairs, 3-4/09: 30-37.
9. Hesse, C. (2009). Generating Wealth from Environmental Variability: The economics of pastoralism in East Africa’s drylands. Indigenous Affairs, 3-4/09: 14-21.
10. Nori, M., Taylor, M. & Sensi, A. (2008). Browsing on fences: Pastoral land rights, livelihoods and adaptation to climate change. Issue paper, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK, p. 29.
11. Dyson-Hudson, R. & Dyson-Hudson, N. (1980). Nomadic Pastoralism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 9: 15-61.
12. Chatty, D. & Sternberg, T. (2015). Climate effects on nomadic pastoralist societies. Forced Migration, May 2015. Accessed online on 17 March 2017, URL: http://www.fmreview.org/climatechange-disasters/chatty-sternberg.html.
13. Spooner, B. (1973). The cultural ecology of pastoral nomads: An Addison-Wesley module in anthropology, no. 45. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
14. Farming Matters (2016). Listening to Pastoralists. Farming Matters, December 2016: 7.
15. McCabe, J.T. (1997). Risk and Uncertainty Among the Maasai of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania: A Case Study in Economic Change. Nomadic Peoples, 1(1): 54-65.
16. Galaty, J. & Johnson, D. (1990). The World of Pastoralism: Herding Systems in Comparative Perspective. New York: Guildford Press.
17. Næss, M.W. (2004). Living With Risk and Uncertainty: The Case of the Nomadic Pastoralists in the Aru Basin, Tibet. Cand. Polit. thesis, Department of Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Tromsø.
18. Roe, E., Huntsinger, L. & Labnow, K. (1998). High reliability pastoralism. Journal of Arid Environments, 39(1): 39-55.
19. UNOCHA (2007). The Future of Pastoralism in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: UN OCHA Pastoralist Communication Initiative.
20. Homewood, K. (2009). Disequilibrium dynamics: Transhumance. In Geist, H. (ed.), The Earth’s Changing Land: An Encyclopaedia of land use and land cover change (two volumes). Greenwood, Heinemann: Westport.
21. Reid, R.S., Thornton, P.K. & Kruska, R.L. (2003). Loss and Fragmentation of Habitat for Pastoral people and Wildlife in east Africa: Concepts and issues. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya.
22. Mhangara, P. & Kakembo, V. (2012). An Object-Based Classification and Fragmentation Analysis of Land Use and Cover Change in the Keiskamma Catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(7): 1018-1029.
23. FAO (2007). Manual on deforestation, degradation and fragmentation using remote sensing and GIS. Rome: FAO.
24. Herold, M., Liu, X. & Clarke, K.C. (2003). Spatial Metrics and Image Texture for Mapping Urban Land Use. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(9): 991-1001.
25. Turan, S.Ö., Kadogullar, A. & Günlü, A. (2010). Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern response to urbanization in Kastamonu. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(5): 640-647.
26. Barnes, R.F.W., Barnes, K.L., Alers, M.P.T. & Blom, A. (1991). Man determines the distribution of elephants in the rain forests of northeastern Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 29: 54-63.
27. Blench, R.M. (1999). Hunter-gatherers, conservation and development: from prejudice to policy reform. Natural Resource Briefing Paper 43, London: Overseas Development Institute.
28. Isaeva, A. & Shigaeva, J. (2017). Soviet Legacy in the Operation of Pasture Governance Institutions in Present-Day Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Alpine Research, 105-1. http://journals.openedition.org/rga/3555.
29. Crewett, W. (2015). Introducing decentralized pasture governance in Kyrgyzstan: Designing implementation rules. Environmental Science & Policy, 53: 215-224. Doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.009.
30. Dorre, A. (2015). Promises and realities of community-based pasture management approaches: Observations from Kyrgyzstan. Pastoralism, 5(15): 23-24. Doi: 10.1186/s13570-015-0035-8.
31. Shigaeva, J., Hagerman, S., Zerriffi, H., Hergarten, C., Isaeva, A., Mamadalieva, Z. & Foggin, M. (2016). Decentralizing governance of agropastoral systems in Kyrgyzstan: an assessment of recent pasture reforms. Mountain Research and Development, 36(1): 91-101. Doi: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00023.1
Article publication date: 2020
Date of online version: 2020